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QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION

The construction of a questionnaire can be divided into 6 main steps:

1. Topic selection and writing the research problem: The research problem would indicate the nature of the problem for which answers are needed. To write a good research problem, the scholar or researcher should learn as much as possible about the subject matter before setting out to write the questions.
2. The researcher should determine the type of questionnaire needed. For e.g. the type of questions will depend on the mode of administering the questionnaire as well as the target population and the type of analysis to be done.
3. A set of variables on the topic are set out. The variables are used to do a draft set of questions.
4. A re-examination or revision of the questions that have been drafted is done. The re-examination helps to remove bias and poor question format. It also helps to remove technical faults. The questionnaire is given an introduction and to assure respondents of anonymity and confidentiality, no name of respondents is asked. The questionnaire should rather have the name of interviewer. i.e. the person asking the questions and the questionnaire should have QID (questionnaire identification number) When in doubt ask for professional help from SPSS programmers.

GUIDE TO DESIGN QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN

SEE QUESTIONNAIRE

ADVANTAGES OF THE MAIL QUESTIONNAIRE

The mail questionnaire involves the printing of the questionnaire and mailing them to selected addresses. It has certain advantages compared to the face to face interview schedule

1.       Mail questionnaire is cheaper, impersonal and can be administered for a large sample

2.       It eliminates the time consuming task of training field staff to administer the questionnaire.

It only requires self addressed envelopes with stamps for the return of the questionnaire.

3.       The respondents may answer questions more frankly since anonymity is assured.

4.       It reduces errors that may result from interviewer bias.

5.       The questionnaire can be answered at the convenience of the respondent because it gives the respondent time to think through the answer to give.

DISADVANTAGES

1.       The response rate is usually low between 10-50%.

2.       It requires a higher level of education from the respondents. It is therefore not recommended for collecting data from rural population that tend to be largely illiterate.

3.       The answers have to be accepted as final. There is no opportunity to probe beyond the given answer to clarify ambiguity or even to note the behavior of the respondents in answering the questions

4.       The researcher cannot be sure that the right person would complete the questionnaire.

5.       The respondent can see all the questions before answering any of them. It is therefore difficult to check on the honesty and reliability of the data.

*correlation

x- Independent variable

y- Dependent variable

X² TEST (CHI SQUARE TEST)

BASIC DECISION MAKING TEST

Chi square analysis involves the application of correlation to qualitative or non-quantitative data. It deals with analyzing the relationship between 2 variables which are qualitative in nature.

The computations assume that there is no relationship between the two variables.

On the basis of this assumption, critical or expected frequencies are computed. The expected frequencies are compared with the original data which is also called the observed frequencies and the greater the difference between the expected and observed frequencies the stronger the relationship between the 2 variables.

The measure of the discrepancy between the observed and expected frequencies is called Chi square.

It is defined as follows:

O_F= observed frequency

E_F= Expected frequency

NON-PARAMETERIC STATS=CHI SQUARE

SOME USES OF THE CHI SQUARE

The Chi Square test offers the following uses for researchers

1. It is used to determine whether a particular frequency distribution could develop by chance from a normally distributed population
2. Chi Square is used to investigate the relationship between attributes or traits of individuals which can be classified into 2 or more categories i.e. it is used to test qualitative variables.
3. Chi Square is used to do a test of significance of the agreement between the observed and expected results or variable

Researchers conducted a survey about the relationship between marital status and IQ

The following table is the data compiled from the survey

Determine whether there is a relationship or association between marital status and IQ

Do the test at 5 % level

·       If not stated assume at 5 % level.

Whenever you do a test of significance you will come to a certain conclusion called confidence level i.e. you are leaving a margin of error.

Solution

Step I

Set Null and alternative hypotheses

H_O=Null hypotheses

(Hypotheses of no relationship between 2 variables)

H_A=Alternative Hypotheses

H_O – there is no relationship between marital status and IQ

H_A – there is a significant relationship between marital status and IQ.

STEP II

CHOOSE TEST STATISTIC

STEP III

CALCULATE E_F VALUES

E_F = (R_T) (C_T)

                  N

R_{T = ROW TOTAL}

C_T = Column total

	IQ
MARITAL STATUS	FEEBLE MIND	NORMAL MIND
MARIED	111	84	195
NOT MARRIED	95	122	217
	206	206	412

111= (195) (206) =97.5

                 412

95 = (217) (206) = 108.5

                412

84 = (195) (206) = 97.5

                412

122 = (217) (206)   = 108.5

                412

STEP IV

WORKSHEET FOR x²

OF	EF	(O-E)	(O-E)2	(O-E)2     E
111	97.5	13.5	182.25	1.87
95	108.5	-13.5	182.25	1.68
84	97.5	-13.5	182.25	1.87
122	108.5	13.5	182.25	1.68
				7.10

7.10

CALCULATED CHI SQUARE

STEP V

FIND DF i.e. (DEGREE OF FREEDOM)

(#R-1) (#c-1)

#R= number of Rows

#C= number of columns

(2-1)(2-1)=1×1=1

STEP VI

DF 1 × 5% level

x^{2= 3.841}

STEP VII

DR-DECISION RULE

ACCEPT H_O IF <

= chi square calculated from table

REJECT H_O IF OTHERWISE.

     ACCEPT H_{O                  REJECT} H_O

 

                             3.841                        7.10

STEP 8

CONCLUSION

Since >

We reject H_o   and conclude that there is a significant relationship between marital status and IQ.

OR

Our          is significant at 5%.

J S MILL QUESTIONS

1.      Briefly state the main arguments in J S Mill’s essay on liberty

2.  What was J. S Mill’s main argument on his work titled the subjection of women published in 1869.

3.      Why is the”liberty of the Press” very important for J. S Mill?

4.  What is the evil inherent in silencing the expression of an opinion?

5.      State the outcome when the right opinion is stifled

6.  State the outcome when the wrong opinion is stifled.

7.      Why is suppressing an opinion deemed evil by J S Mill?

8.  What responsibilities does J S Mill impose on governments and individuals regarding opinions?

9.      How does J S Mill term those who are sure about their opinions but fail to act or shrink from acting on them?

10.  What conditions justify us in assuming the truth of our opinion for the purposes of action?

11.  State the strength and value of human judgment.

12. Why should we put confidence in human judgment?

13.  According to J S Mill under what condition can one acquire the right to think that his judgment is better than that of a person or multitude? (4 )

14. Which group of people does J S Mill refer to as a collection of few wise and many foolish individuals?

15.  Explain what J S Mill meant by stating that “ the usefulness of an opinion is itself a matter of opinion”

16.  What constitute a part of the utility of an opinion?

17.  What is an assumption of infallibility?

18. What happens when we have “revolution of opinion?

19.  According to J S Mill, what is a healthy state of political life

20. Under what conditions would the elements that engender the healthy political life as noted in question 19 obtain their due?

21.  State why J S Mill is of the view that Christianity is a religion of passive obedience

22. According to J S Mill what is the likely outcome of discarding secular standards for Christian ethics.

23.  How can moral regeneration be engineered?

24. What does the well being of mankind depends upon?

25.  How should opinion determine its verdict?

26. What does J S Mill term the “real morality of public discussion”?

27.  What is the virtue of human beings?

28. What constitutes one of the chief hindrances to human development?

29.   What does J S Mill suggest should replace these hindrances to improvement?

30. Why does J S Mill deplore the existing relationship between the sexes?

31.  Why is the rule of men over women different from other historical notions of bondage?

32. J S Mill identifies 3 key factors that have sustained the dominance of the male over the female in social relations. State these factors.

33.  Briefly state J S Mill’s perception of the family?

34. What does J S Mill expect the family to be?

35.  What does J S Mill perceive as the most suitable division of labour between husband and wife?

36. How can the dignity of women be enhanced in the family?